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| 1854 |
| | | Austrian monk Gregor Mendel begins his study of pea plants in the garden of the Abbey of St Thomas in Brno | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Napoleon III and Cavour hatch a secret plan at Plombièes to tempt Austria into war in north Italy, and agree how to divide up the spoils | |
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| 1859 |
| | | A French and Piedmontese army liberates Milan from Austrian rule | |
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| 1859 |
| | | French and Piedmontese forces defeat the Austrians decisively at Solferino, in a battle involving appalling casualties | |
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| 1864 |
| | | Prussia and Austria combine forces to seize Schleswig-Holstein, but soon fall out | |
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| 1865 |
| | | Gregor Mendel reads a paper to the Natural History Society in Brno describing his discoveries in the field of genetics | |
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| 1866 |
| | | The Prussians achieve the first blitzkrieg in their Seven Weeks' War defeat of the Austrians | |
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| 1866 |
| | | The terms of the treaty of Prague, ending the Seven Weeks War, make plain the transfer of German leadership from Austria to Prussia | |
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| 1866 |
| | | Austrian rule ends in the Venetian territories, which now join the new kingdom of Italy | |
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| 1867 |
| | | Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, is also crowned king of Hungary – to become ruler of the 'dual monarchy' of Austria-Hungary | |
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